War Years Research Articles

The Thought of Yaroslav Stetsko Compared with the Views of Vojtech Tuka to 1941: On Two Variants of Integral Nationalism in Central and Eastern Europe

The inter-war period and the first years of the Second World War were a period when integral nationalism and Fascism were triumphant throughout Europe. The Ukrainian and Slovak national movements were no exception in this regard. These ideologies developed primarily within the framework of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Hlinka’s Slovak People’s Party, respectively. This article compares the thought of representatives of the more radical factions within these two organizations: Yaroslav Stetsko and Vojtech Tuka.

40 years of democracy and post-Malvinas War

40 years of democracy and post-Malvinas War

Exploiting the “white coal” of the Pasvik River. Negotiating corporate and national interests in the border region during the German occupation of Norway

ABSTRACT The history of the Pasvik River, demarcating Norway’s border with Russia in the north is inextricably linked with issues of security and national interests on the one side, and exploitation of natural resources and business interests on the other. This applies not least to the war years, as German warfare in Europe increased the value of the hydropower and the strategic metals of the border region. Drawing on sources from the archives of the mining company AS Sydvaranger and Norwegian state administration, this article traces the negotiations on hydropower exploitation in the Pasvik River throughout the Second World War focusing on Norwegian key actors, and analyses Norwegian national and corporative interests and strategies in the border area during the German dominance in the region.

Aimée REDONDO, The First Female Neurosurgeon Professor in France

It is crucial to promote the role of women in surgery, particularly in the field of neurosurgery, which is still predominantly male-dominated. Without recognition and support, these talented and pioneering women may continue to be overlooked, despite their significant contributions to the field. One such remarkable woman is Professor Aimée Redondo, the first female neurosurgeon professor in France. She was born in 1944 during the last years of World War II to immigrant parents from Spain. Thanks to grants and scholarships from the French government, Aimée Redondo was able to continue her education. She excelled in high school and even passed the entrance exam for medical school on her first attempt - a rare achievement at the time. In 1975, at the young age of 31, she became the first female professor of neurosurgery in France. After completing her residency, she worked as a senior neurosurgeon at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris and then joined the newly established department of neurosurgery at Beaujon Hospital. For over thirty years, she was a crucial member of this department and served as its head from 2004 until her retirement. Sadly, she passed away in 2022 at the age of 78.

India and the Bay of Bengal region: ‘losing' the Cold War year’s advantage?

ABSTRACT This article discusses India’s perceived Sphere of Influence and examines New Delhi’s strategy in the Bay of Bengal (BoB) region during the Cold War (1947–1991) years. Then, this paper discusses how India had largely managed to keep the foreign powers away from the BoB region to maintain its influence and shape a favourable regional architecture. Finally, this paper briefly examines the changed strategic and political situation in the BoB region in present times.

MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF WAQF IN AFGHANISTAN

This research delves into the importance and pertinence of Waqf in Afghanistan, charting its historical administration across time and emphasizing its customary utilization only for mosques and religious instruction across the country. It examines a number of aspects of Waqf in Afghanistan, such as its historical development of Waqf, the existence of Waqf laws in the country, its evolution throughout time, common difficulties of Waqf, a lack of awareness among the general public even on institutional level, and the required and necessity of updating Waqf customs in the nation. Amidst Afghanistan's ongoing problems with extreme poverty and high jobless rates brought on by years of hostilities and civil war. We believe that there is a chance to revive the Waqf tradition and modify it for use in modern settings. Afghanistan might learn from other prosperous Muslim countries by using Waqf as a tool for economic growth and creating a structure and plan that support charitable endeavors and self-sufficient Waqf-based institutions in the nation. Waqf is well-positioned to assist governmental initiatives in meeting community needs and achieving development goals within Waqf institutions in Afghanistan by fostering social welfare and promotes growth and development of the economy. Afghanistan's Waqf institution is excellent; it can help the government with a wide range of official duties.

Ukrainian healthcare providers under siege during the first year of war: challenges and adaptations.

The overlapping COVID-19 crisis and the war starting in 2022 threaten front-line healthcare workers' mental health, well-being and job retention in Ukraine. This paper provides a synopsis of a panel discussion held by the Global Mental Health Humanitarian Coalition in May 2022 and expert consultations with clinicians between December 2022 and February 2023 on these challenges. The crises created new problems and exacerbated many pre-existing difficulties. We found that healthcare workers had needed to mobilise previously untapped strengths, including portable emergency medical documents and bespoke local psychosocial support services, amid the costs and pressures of ongoing healthcare reforms.

Fight against Typhus in Turkey (1945-1950)

Abstract
 Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the struggle against typhus, which has been a scourge of humanity for centuries, in Turkey between 1945 and 1950.
 Method: The data of our study were obtained from archival documents, periodicals of the period and other studies in the literature. In addition, this study is a qualitative study and document analysis method was used.
 Findings: The fight against typhus, which became epidemic in Turkey during World War II, became one of the most important issues of the post-war period. In the fight against typhus, vaccination had begun in 1943, during the war years. This practice would be accelerated as of 1945. The vaccine produced in large quantities in a short period of time at the Refik Saydam Institute of Public Health played a significant role in this situation. In addition, the effective use of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (D.D.T.) from 1945 onwards constituted one of the most important factors in achieving success.
 Conclusion: Thanks to the preventive health measures taken between 1945 and 1950, as well as the strict vaccination program and D.D.T. application, Turkey was able to reduce typhus disease, one of the most feared disasters of those years, from the country's agenda.

Eastern Bloc Agents in West Germany

This paper highlights how contemporary archaeology can contribute to our knowledge of contemporary history, in a case where written sources no longer exist and any surviving protagonists either will not or cannot divulge what they know. Its focus is on a Soviet spy radio from the last years of the Cold War which was discovered during a recent archaeological excavation in Germany’s Rhineland. The radio was probably produced in 1987 and was soon afterwards concealed in woodland, most likely by someone working for Soviet military intelligence, the GRU. The findspot is close to various Cold War military installations involving nuclear weapons, and the radio would have enabled the swift transmission of military information into the Eastern Bloc that would have been useful in the event of war. As rare archaeological evidence of espionage, the radio can also help us to understand continuities between the Cold War and the present time.

Comparative Characteristics of Patients Structure in the Orthopedics Department of a Clinical Hospital in a Region Remote from the Front Line during Peacetime and the First Year of a Full-Scale War in Ukraine

Objective. To analyze changes in the nosological structure of patients, treatment technologies, to outline the peculiarities of surgical interventions in the trauma profile of a civilian clinical hospital during the war period and to emphasize the need for relevant knowledge and skills of specialists in the treatment of combat trauma and its consequences.Methods. A comparative analysis of the clinical and nosological structure of 2,475 patients were treated during the year before the war and 3,838 patients during the full-scale war year. Among them, 83.1 % were civilians, 7.7 % were temporarily resettled, and 9.2 % were military personnel. The study utilized bibliosemantic, medical-statistical, and clinical methods. Results. During the active phase of the war, the Orthopedics Department of the civilian clinical hospital provided specialized medical assistance to both civilian populations and military personnel injured during hostilities. The relative number of hospitalized men increased by 4.83 %, and although the absolute number of those urgently hospitalized decreased. Despite the overall increase in the number of operations per patient, surgical activity in the Orthopedics Department decreased from 86 to 80 %. The intensification of inpatient treatment organization, patient preparation for subsequent stages of surgical interventions in the Rehabilitation Department, and outpatient medicine work collectively reduced the average bed-day in the Orthopedics Department by 12.3 %. Conclusions. Thus, during the war, the structure of patients in the Orthopedics Department of the civilian medical clinical institution changed, with an increase in the relative number of male patients and those with multiple and combined injuries. A notable feature of the treatment process organization during hostilities is the phasing of the treatment of the wounded not only at the levels of medical evacuation but also within the clinical hospital. The intensification of the organizational component and the outpatient link of the treatment process allowed for a reduction in bed-days and the provision of inpatient treatment to a larger number of patients.

«Учреждение, где ведают страхом и ужасом»: Архангельское губернское жандармское управление в 1908–1915 годах

The paper analyzes the peculiarities of the development of political investigation in the Arkhangelsk province in 1908-1915, when the Provincial Gendarmerie Department was headed by Colonel, later Major General, Nikolai Illarionovich Mochalov. For such a position, it was a very long period of leadership, which was characterized by three stages: the active struggle of the gendarmes and police against the revolutionary movement during the “Stolypin reaction”, then some stabilization of the situation by 1914, and the first years of the World War. The purpose of the paper is to substantiate the decisive importance of N.I. Mochalov’s personality as an experienced functionary of political investigation, who was quite effective in relieving social tension that had been growing in the region since the end of the XIX century and reached its apogee during the Revolution of 1905-1907. During wartime the aggravated espionage, combined with the problems of the complicated service, made the figure of N.I. Mochalov inconvenient for the Gendarmerie and Police authorities. Methods of combating the “internal threat” in peacetime turned out to be irrelevant in the war period due to the need to qualitatively increase the activity of the gendarmes and cooperation with the military authorities.

Blind to culture. How classed cognition prevents cultural policy initiatives from increasing cultural participation for children

ABSTRACT Since its first formulation in the post war years, Nordic cultural policy has had a stated aim to democratize culture, but with limited success. A growing literature argues that understanding policy failure is needed for a better functioning cultural policy. The present study uses two waves of panel data on cultural participation for parents and children in Bergen, Norway (N = 4754) to analyze the impact of three locally implemented cultural policy interventions designed in part to democratize culture for children. Using work with cultural policy failure, and tools from Bourdieu’s Sociology of Culture, this study finds that policies fail in systematic ways related to classed cognition. This leads to a ‘Matthew effect’ for cultural goods, as policies enable easier access to culture for those already invested in cultural participation, while the policies fail to even out social inequalities. There are both scientific and policy implications of the findings. First, data show that a cultural reproduction model seems a better fit than a cultural mobility model of cultural participation. Second, policy planners rarely factor in implications of the former in implementation of cultural policies designed to equalize distributions of culture. As a consequence, cultural policy initiatives to reduce inequalities in access to culture may lead to an exacerbation of cultural inequalities.

Anglo-Russian Military Cooperation in the Year of 1799:
 Based on the Materials from the «Journal of the Dutch Expedition» by I. Fiodorov

For centuries England and Russia most often acted as antagonists during
 major military conflicts. Only three times in the century-long history of relations were
 they military-political allies and partners: in the late 18th and early 19th centuries
 during the First and Second World Wars. In this article, based on the analysis of the
 «Journal of the Dutch Expedition» by Ivan Fiodorov – a document stored in the archives of the Federal Institute of the Russian History of the Russian Academy of
 Sciences of St. Petersburg, which had never before been involved by historians, an attempt is made to characterize (based on the text of this document) Anglo-Russian military cooperation in the years of the Second Coalition war against Republican France, an important element of which was so-called «Secret Expedition» in the autumn of 1799 to Holland in which both English and Russian troops took part.

MARKET OF EDUCATIONAL SERVICES AT THE PRESENT STAGE IN UKRAINE

In modern conditions, the role of education is growing along with the development of human activity. The issue of the further development of the educational services market is becoming even more urgent, and especially in the conditions of the war in Ukraine. The article focuses attention on the important role of the market of educational services in providing alternative learning opportunities due to security measures. The concept of the market of educational services was analyzed and its main subjects were determined. It is noted that the market of educational services exists in conditions of fierce competition. The author identified the factors affecting the market of educational services. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the educational services market is a leading factor in economic growth, employment and income. The number of students of higher education institutions in Ukraine, the number of foreign students and other indicators of the educational services market were analyzed. It has been noted and proven that education acts as a stabilizing force, and it is especially important during the years of war in Ukraine, despite the fact that some students are abroad. The author singled out serious challenges faced by the education market in Ukraine in the context of Russia’s military aggression. Proposed directions for solving challenges in Ukraine at the current stage.

Забытое имя: Лостанби Гуружевич Афашагов

The article presents a creative and biographical portrait of one of the forgotten representatives of Kabardian literature of the early Soviet period – poet and publicist L.G. Afashagov. Based on ar-chival sources, the history of his public activities has been reconstructed. The main directions of his work are tracked using art materials and journals, and the value accents of his works, mostly poems, which exist both original and in translation, are disclosed. The segment of the biography that covers the war years has been expanded. The reasons for his arrest have been clarified using archived information that has not before been made public. An outline of the biography of one of the KBASSR's educational figures, L.G. Afashagov's wife, F.N. Afashagova (Keyserman). New information on L.G. Afashagov's life and work has been published in scientific journals.

Transwar Japanese Thought at “the End of Ideology”

Abstract In 1957, the Japanese affiliate of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, an international anticommunist organization dedicated to the liberal ideals of the “free world,” convened a symposium under the title “Tradition and Transition in Japanese Culture” (Nihon bunka no dentō to hensen). The event put noted Kyoto School intellectuals who had earlier conceptualized Japan's unique mission within world history during the war years—including Kōsaka Masaaki, Suzuki Shigetaka, and Nishitani Keiji—into dialogue with postwar thinkers who advocated for freedom of thought in opposition to what they viewed as the closed-mindedness of ideology. Drawing on rarely cited archival documents, this article explores how the symposium raised key questions about the fate of world historical thinking in transwar Japan at the same time that it tested the putative universality of postwar liberal ideals against what the symposium participants called the particularity of Japanese culture.

Experimental investigation of transition composite connections in historic style buildings

Historic timber buildings possess immense historical, artistic, and scientific value, but a few of them have survived after thousands of years of natural disasters and wars. Historic style buildings with modern construction material, imitating historic timber buildings forms, have emerged to inherit and promote traditional culture. To investigate the seismic performance of transition columns commonly used in historic style buildings, two full-scaled composite column transition (CCT) connections between steel reinforced concrete (SRC) square column and reinforced concrete (RC) circular column were designed and tested under invariable axial load and cyclic lateral load. Both failure patterns and force mechanism were studied based on the test process of the CCT connections. Then, the influence of axial compressive ratio on the mechanical behaviour of the CCT connections was assessed by looking at the hysteretic curves, backbone curves, characteristic loads, ductility, energy dissipation capacity and strength degradation. The results demonstrated that the failure patterns of the CCT connections were typical flexural failure, with the failure zone occurring at the upper column-root. The CCT connections exhibited excellent capacities of deformation and energy dissipation. As axial compression ratio increases, the failure of the CCT connection becomes more severe, leading to enhanced energy dissipation capacity. However, the strength and ductility of the CCT connection decrease. Based on the experimental results, an equation for calculating the lateral stiffness of CCT connections between SRC square column and RC circular column in historic style buildings was proposed, and verified to be accurate. The findings can provide necessary basis for the rational design and widespread application of historic style buildings.

Ukrainian Thoughts and Feelings based on One Year War Content Analysis

In the age of remarkable technological innovations such as AI, quantum computing, IoT, and blockchain, one could argue that the world is becoming an increasingly connected, advanced, enlightened, and peaceful place. Nevertheless, paradoxically, conflicts and wars are still born deeply rooted in complex strategic, historical, and economic dynamics, and continue to arise finding a direct representation in both physical and digital battlefields through powerful and dynamic environments like social media. This environment enabled unprecedented connectivity and ideas, thoughts, ideologies, and experiences exchange shaping the narrative, amplifying ideas, feelings, and experiences while directly addressing the underlying causes, dynamics, and implications of conflicts and war through a multifaceted and multi-nuanced approach. The outbreak and ongoing war in Ukraine took the international community off guard representing a significant turning point in the contemporary era that received immediately intensive global attention, united global humanitarian, and strategic efforts to support and help the ones in need, and reflected its geopolitical and economic global complexities, dynamics, and implications. At the same time, a high degree of disinformation and misinformation exists surrounding different aspects about this war e.g., actions taken, and impact produced on civilians, which contributes to creating an altered perspective of reality. While different conventional media and social media outlets together with research, governmental, and practitioner efforts revealed and reflected on the nature, major incidents, and their known impact on civilians and civilian objects as well as military personnel and military objects, yet limited attention and a lower voice is given through dedicated studies to thoughts and emotions of Ukrainian users in unconventional social media platforms like Telegram. This represents the knowledge gap tackled in this research by building a set of Machine Learning-based solutions for analysing the discourses and sentiments of Ukrainian users using the Design Science Research methodology in a Data Science research approach. From this analysis, reflection is provided to important days and incidents experienced by Ukrainian population since February 2022 in the first year of war.  

Отражение социально-политических процессов в период Второй мировой войны в музыке на примере тенденций Германии и Великобритании

The article elaborates upon the analysis of the reflection of socio-political processes during the World War II in music on the examples of musical trends of Germany and the UK. Based on the comparison of the peculiarities of musical wartime culture in these countries, the authors come to the conclusion that music as a tool of gov-ernmental influence on public conscientiousness was used by both sides during the years of the World War II. In addition, evident disparities are revealed in the meaning of music for society and the state, in the methods and reasons for the transformation of the musical direction of culture: its use as an element of propaganda or a symbol of protest against violence, the reflection of consolidation level of society or escapism, the transfor-mation of the axiological field of the population. The article may be useful in scientific studies and educational process in the field of domestic history and social philosophy.

About Some Aspects of Public Health Care and Socio-Cultural Sphere of Yugra in Extreme Conditions of the War

The subject of the article is the little-studied issues of the state of health care and socio-cultural sphere of Khanty-Mansiysk National District (1941–1945). The conditions and factors of changes are determined; the main tasks and their implementation in the studied spheres based on the introduction of new documents into the scientific circulation. In the center of attention is the analysis of the factors that influenced the financial, personnel, material support of the state institutions in the changed wartime conditions. The author reveals the existence of typical problems in the situation of health care, education and culture, ways of overcoming difficulties. Much attention in the article is paid to the analysis of facts showing the work of the health care system within the framework of the tasks defined by the People's Commissariat for Health of the USSR to protect the health of the population (children are in the first place), to prevent epidemics. In the state of school affairs, the discussion issues concerning the number of schools, the contingent of students at different levels of education, the problem of universal education coverage of children aged 8–15, the number and staffing of teachers are characterised. The material on staff training in the district's specialised secondary educational institutions is systematised, quantitative indicators and conditions of activity, teachers’ and students’ material and living conditions are analysed. The cultural sphere was financed on a residual principle, in fact, it deprived of the district centralised management, but made its best contribution to the solution of problems on cultural services to the population, being a transmitter of state-patriotic ideas. The author formulates the conclusion that health care, education and culture, despite the enormous difficulties of wartime, in general withstood the tests, fulfilled the assigned tasks, and as a very significant part of the home front, contributed to the victory in the hardest war of the Soviet people. Scientific novelty and practical significance of the presented materials are determined by the introduction of new archival documents into the scientific turnover, clarification and expansion of ideas about socio-cultural processes in the region, their theoretical understanding on the basis of modernisation paradigm and system approach. The obtained new knowledge, systematised and structured, can be applied both in scientific research and in the educational process, as well as in socio-cultural projects of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District. It is quite obvious that the interpretation of the history of Yugra during the war years as a rear area needs a significant expansion of the traditional topics and setting new research problems. It is necessary to pay attention to different aspects of life on the home front, including the social sphere. The complexity of the military era (including everyday life of different categories of people in the district: the main population, temporary (evacuees) and special contingent) requires the identification of peculiarities in their social, material and economic situation. There is a need to rethink the subjects related not only to the analysis of the effectiveness of the Party and state management structures in the spheres of health care, education and culture, but also to the legal situation, the real role of the ruling Communist Party, and in a broader context – to find out the key characteristics of the military-political regime and its relationship with society on the materials of the region.